Islamic history timeline from 610 to 1924

Q: What does AH mean?

AH stands for anno Hegirae, "in the year of the Hijrah". The Islamic calendar counts lunar years from the Prophet's migration to Madinah in 622 CE.

75 key events from the first revelation to the end of the Ottoman caliphate, each with its CE and Hijri year and a source. Filter by era, search for a name, and follow the links to the full story.

Search the timeline Show the Hijri year first

75 events

c. 570c. 53 BH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Prophet ﷺ is born in Makkah
Muhammad ﷺ is born into the Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh, in the Year of the Elephant. His father Abdullah has already died. When was the Prophet ﷺ born?.
Source: Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
595c. 28 BH
The Prophet ﷺ
Marriage to Khadijah
At about 25 he marries Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, a respected merchant of Makkah. She is the first person to accept Islam. His age at the marriage.
Source: Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
61013 BH
The Prophet ﷺ
The first revelation in Cave Hira
In the month of Ramadan, the angel Jibril brings the first verses of the Quran, "Read in the name of your Lord" (96:1 to 5), on Jabal al-Nour near Makkah. What Jibril said.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari 3, from Aishah; Quran 96:1 to 5.
c. 613c. 10 BH
The Prophet ﷺ
The open call to Islam
After about three years of private teaching, the Prophet ﷺ calls Quraysh openly, starting from Mount Safa, and the persecution of the early Muslims begins.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, from Ibn Abbas (the call from Safa); Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
615c. 8 BH
The Prophet ﷺ
The first hijrah, to Abyssinia
A group of persecuted Muslims, among them Uthman ibn Affan and Ruqayyah, crosses the Red Sea to the Christian king of Abyssinia, who protects them. How Islam spread in Africa.
Source: Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
619c. 3 BH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Year of Sorrow
Khadijah and the Prophet's uncle Abu Talib, his protector, die in the same year. Soon after, the people of Ta'if reject him.
Source: Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
c. 621c. 1 BH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Night Journey and Ascension
The Prophet ﷺ is taken by night from Makkah to Jerusalem and up through the heavens, where the five daily prayers are made obligatory. The exact date is debated. Isra and Mi'raj.
Source: Quran 17:1; Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, from Anas and Malik ibn Sa'sa'ah.
6221 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Hijrah to Madinah
The Prophet ﷺ and Abu Bakr leave Makkah for Yathrib, which becomes Madinat al-Nabi. He builds the Quba Mosque on the way, then the Prophet's Mosque. Why the calendar starts here.
Source: Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah; Sahih al-Bukhari, chapter on the Hijrah.
6242 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The qiblah turns to the Kaaba
Muslims had prayed towards Jerusalem. In the second year in Madinah the qiblah is changed to the Kaaba in Makkah, and the fast of Ramadan is made obligatory. Why Jerusalem matters.
Source: Quran 2:144 and 2:183; Sahih al-Bukhari, from al-Bara ibn Azib.
6242 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Battle of Badr
On 17 Ramadan, about 313 Muslims defeat a much larger army of Quraysh at the wells of Badr.
Source: Quran 3:123; Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
6253 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Battle of Uhud
Quraysh return and the Muslims suffer losses at Mount Uhud, near Madinah, after the archers leave their post. Hamzah, the Prophet's uncle, is killed.
Source: Quran 3:121 to 175; Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
6275 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Battle of the Trench
An alliance of tribes besieges Madinah. The Muslims dig a trench across the open side of the city and the siege fails. What al-Ahzab means.
Source: Quran 33:9 to 27; Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
6286 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
On the way to perform Umrah, the Prophet ﷺ agrees a ten-year truce with Quraysh. The Quran calls it "a clear conquest".
Source: Quran 48:1; Sahih al-Bukhari, from al-Miswar ibn Makhramah.
6298 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Battle of Mu'tah
A Muslim force meets a Byzantine army in Jordan. Zayd ibn Harithah, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and Abdullah ibn Rawahah are killed, and Khalid ibn al-Walid leads the army home. The Battle of Mu'tah.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Military Expeditions, from Anas.
6308 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The conquest of Makkah
In Ramadan, Makkah opens to the Muslims with almost no fighting. The Prophet ﷺ forgives his old enemies and clears the idols from the Kaaba. The Kaaba.
Source: Quran 110; Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
63210 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The Farewell Hajj
The Prophet ﷺ performs his only Hajj and gives the Farewell Sermon. At Arafah, "This day I have perfected for you your religion" (5:3) is revealed. The types of Hajj.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari 45, from Umar; Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah.
63211 AH
The Prophet ﷺ
The death of the Prophet ﷺ
The Prophet ﷺ dies in Madinah on a Monday in Rabi al-Awwal, aged 63, in the room of Aishah, where he is buried. His age when he died. His last words.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, from Aishah.
63211 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph
The Companions gather at the Saqifah of Banu Sa'idah and give their pledge to Abu Bakr al-Siddiq. How Abu Bakr was chosen.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, from Umar and Aishah.
63211 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
Fatimah dies
Fatimah, the Prophet's daughter, dies about six months after her father. How Fatimah died.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, from Aishah.
632 to 63311 to 12 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
The Riddah wars and Yamamah
Abu Bakr fights the tribes that refuse zakat or follow false prophets. At Yamamah many who had memorised the Quran are killed, and Abu Bakr has Zayd ibn Thabit gather the Quran into one volume. The Battle of Yamamah. History of the Quran.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari 4986, from Zayd ibn Thabit.
63413 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
Umar becomes caliph
Abu Bakr dies after about two years as caliph, having named Umar ibn al-Khattab to follow him. How Abu Bakr died.
Source: al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk.
63615 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
The Battle of Yarmuk
The Muslim armies defeat the Byzantines on the Yarmuk river, opening Syria and Palestine.
Source: al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk; Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (3rd ed., 2016).
63716 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
Umar receives Jerusalem
Jerusalem surrenders on terms, and Umar comes in person to receive it. Some historians date it to 17 AH (638). Al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock.
Source: al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk.
63816 or 17 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
The Hijri calendar begins
Umar and the Companions agree to count the years from the Hijrah, with Muharram as the first month. The Islamic months.
Source: al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk.
64423 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
Uthman becomes caliph
Umar is stabbed while leading the Fajr prayer. A council of six Companions he named chooses Uthman ibn Affan.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, from Amr ibn Maymun.
c. 650c. 30 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
Uthman's copies of the Quran
To end disputes over readings, Uthman has the Quran copied from Abu Bakr's volume and sends copies to the main cities. Why Uthman burned other copies.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari 4987, from Anas ibn Malik.
65635 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
Ali becomes caliph
Rebels kill Uthman in his house in Madinah. Ali ibn Abi Talib becomes caliph in a time of civil strife. How Uthman died.
Source: al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk.
66140 AH
Rightly guided caliphs
Ali is killed in Kufa
Ali is struck by a Kharijite in Ramadan and dies two days later. This ends the age of the four rightly guided caliphs. The Ahl al-Bayt.
Source: al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk.
66141 AH
Umayyads
Al-Hasan makes peace with Mu'awiyah
Al-Hasan ibn Ali gives up the caliphate to Mu'awiyah to end the fighting, as the Prophet ﷺ had foretold. Damascus becomes the capital. Hasan and Husayn.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari 2704, from Abu Bakrah.
68061 AH
Umayyads
Karbala
On 10 Muharram, al-Husayn ibn Ali and members of his family are killed at Karbala in Iraq by the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid. What happened at Karbala.
Source: al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk.
69272 AH
Umayyads
The Dome of the Rock is finished
The caliph Abd al-Malik completes the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Its mosaic inscription gives the year 72. Is it a mosque?.
Source: The dated inscription inside the building; Oleg Grabar, The Dome of the Rock (2006).
69777 AH
Umayyads
The first Islamic coins
Abd al-Malik strikes gold dinars with no pictures, only words of faith, and soon after makes Arabic the language of government.
Source: The dated dinars of 77 AH (for example in the British Museum); Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (3rd ed., 2016).
706 to 71587 to 96 AH
Umayyads
The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus
Al-Walid I builds the Great Mosque of Damascus. In these years the Prophet's Mosque in Madinah is rebuilt with the first niche mihrab. Islamic architecture.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Great Mosque of Damascus.
711 to 71292 to 93 AH
Umayyads
Islam reaches Sindh
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim leads an Umayyad army into Sindh, in what is now Pakistan. How Islam spread to India.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
71799 AH
Umayyads
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
The caliph remembered for his justice rules for under three years. He orders the hadith of the Prophet ﷺ to be written down so that it is not lost.
Source: Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Knowledge, chapter on how knowledge is taken away.
750132 AH
Umayyads
The Abbasid revolution
The Abbasids defeat the last Umayyad caliph at the Battle of the Zab and take the caliphate. Umayyads and Abbasids compared.
Source: al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk; Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (3rd ed., 2016).
762145 AH
Abbasids
Baghdad is founded
The caliph al-Mansur builds his round city on the Tigris. Baghdad becomes one of the largest cities in the world.
Source: al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk; Encyclopaedia Britannica, Baghdad.
767150 AH
Abbasids
Imam Abu Hanifah dies
The founder of the Hanafi school dies in Baghdad. His students Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani record and spread his teaching. Great scholars of Islam.
Source: al-Dhahabi, Siyar A'lam al-Nubala.
786 to 809170 to 193 AH
Abbasids
Harun al-Rashid
The best-known Abbasid caliph rules at the height of Baghdad's wealth. His chief judge is Abu Yusuf, the student of Abu Hanifah.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Harun al-Rashid.
813 to 833198 to 218 AH
Abbasids
Al-Ma'mun and the House of Wisdom
Under al-Ma'mun, Baghdad's scholars translate Greek, Persian and Indian works, and al-Khwarizmi writes his book on algebra. The Islamic Golden Age.
Source: Dimitri Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture (1998).
870256 AH
Abbasids
Imam al-Bukhari dies
The compiler of Sahih al-Bukhari, the most trusted hadith collection, dies near Samarkand. The six hadith compilers.
Source: al-Dhahabi, Siyar A'lam al-Nubala.
923310 AH
Abbasids
Al-Tabari dies
The great commentator on the Quran and historian, whose history is a main source for this timeline, dies in Baghdad.
Source: al-Dhahabi, Siyar A'lam al-Nubala.
1037428 AH
Abbasids
Ibn Sina dies
The physician and philosopher, whose Canon of Medicine was taught for centuries, dies in Hamadan.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Avicenna.
1055447 AH
Abbasids
The Seljuks enter Baghdad
The Seljuk Turk Tughril Beg takes control of Baghdad. The Abbasid caliphs remain, but the sultans hold power.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seljuq.
1067459 AH
Abbasids
The Nizamiyyah of Baghdad opens
The vizier Nizam al-Mulk founds a great madrasah in Baghdad. Al-Ghazali later teaches there.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nizam al-Mulk.
1099492 AH
Abbasids
Crusaders take Jerusalem
The First Crusade captures Jerusalem and kills much of its population.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Crusades.
1111505 AH
Abbasids
Al-Ghazali dies
The scholar of Ihya Ulum al-Din dies in his home town of Tus, in Iran.
Source: al-Dhahabi, Siyar A'lam al-Nubala.
1258656 AH
Abbasids
The Mongols sack Baghdad
Hulagu's army destroys Baghdad and kills the caliph al-Musta'sim, ending the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad. When the Abbasids fell.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Baghdad; Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (3rd ed., 2016).
71192 AH
Al-Andalus
Tariq ibn Ziyad crosses to Spain
An army led by Tariq ibn Ziyad lands at the rock later named after him, Jabal Tariq (Gibraltar), and al-Andalus begins.
Source: Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal (1996).
756138 AH
Al-Andalus
The emirate of Cordoba
Abd al-Rahman I, an Umayyad prince who escaped the Abbasids, makes himself ruler of al-Andalus at Cordoba.
Source: Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal (1996).
785169 AH
Al-Andalus
The Great Mosque of Cordoba
Abd al-Rahman I begins the Great Mosque of Cordoba, with its forest of double arches. It is enlarged three times in the next two centuries. Islamic architecture.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Great Mosque of Cordoba.
929316 AH
Al-Andalus
The caliphate of Cordoba
Abd al-Rahman III takes the title of caliph. Cordoba becomes one of the great cities of Europe, known for its libraries.
Source: Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal (1996).
1031422 AH
Al-Andalus
The caliphate of Cordoba ends
Al-Andalus breaks into small rival kingdoms, the taifas, which the Christian kingdoms of the north pick off one by one.
Source: Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal (1996).
1086479 AH
Al-Andalus
The Battle of Sagrajas (al-Zallaqah)
The Almoravids, called in from Morocco, defeat Alfonso VI of Castile.
Source: Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal (1996).
1238635 AH
Al-Andalus
The Nasrid kingdom of Granada
Muhammad I ibn al-Ahmar founds the last Muslim kingdom in Spain. His successors build the palaces of the Alhambra. The Alhambra.
Source: Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal (1996).
1492897 AH
Al-Andalus
Granada surrenders
On 2 January, the last Nasrid ruler hands Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella, ending Muslim rule in Spain. The fall of Muslim Spain.
Source: Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal (1996).
859245 AH
Later dynasties
Al-Qarawiyyin in Fez
Fatimah al-Fihri founds the Qarawiyyin mosque in Fez, Morocco, which grows into one of the oldest centres of learning still working today. The oldest mosques.
Source: Ibn Abi Zar, Rawd al-Qirtas.
969 to 972358 to 361 AH
Later dynasties
Cairo and al-Azhar
The Fatimids found Cairo and open the al-Azhar mosque, later the most famous Sunni university in the world.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, al-Azhar University.
1187583 AH
Later dynasties
Salah al-Din retakes Jerusalem
On 27 Rajab, the Ayyubid sultan Salah al-Din takes Jerusalem back from the Crusaders and lets its Christian people ransom themselves and leave, without the killing of 1099.
Source: Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyyah.
1206602 AH
Later dynasties
The Delhi Sultanate
Qutb al-Din Aybak becomes the first sultan of Delhi, beginning six centuries of Muslim rule in much of India. Islam in India.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Delhi Sultanate.
1260658 AH
Later dynasties
Ain Jalut
The Mamluks of Egypt stop the Mongol advance at Ain Jalut in Palestine.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Battle of Ain Jalut.
1297696 AH
Later dynasties
Samudra Pasai in Sumatra
The dated tombstone of Sultan Malik al-Salih is one of the earliest signs of a Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia. How Islam spread in Indonesia.
Source: The tombstone of Malik al-Salih, dated 696 AH; Encyclopaedia Britannica, Indonesia.
1324724 AH
Later dynasties
Mansa Musa's Hajj
The king of Mali travels to Makkah through Cairo with so much gold that its price there falls for years. Islam in West Africa.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Musa I of Mali.
1501906 to 907 AH
Later dynasties
The Safavids in Iran
Shah Ismail I founds the Safavid dynasty and makes Twelver Shi'ism the religion of the state.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Safavid dynasty.
1526932 AH
Later dynasties
The Mughal empire
Babur defeats the Sultan of Delhi at Panipat and founds the Mughal empire.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mughal dynasty.
1632 to 16531041 to 1063 AH
Later dynasties
The Taj Mahal
Shah Jahan builds a white marble tomb in Agra for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a tomb, with a mosque beside it. Islamic architecture.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Taj Mahal.
1299698 to 699 AH
Ottomans to 1924
The Ottoman state begins
Osman I leads a small state in north-west Anatolia. This is the traditional founding date of the Ottoman empire.
Source: Caroline Finkel, Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (2005).
1453857 AH
Ottomans to 1924
The conquest of Constantinople
On 29 May, Mehmed II takes Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, which becomes Istanbul.
Source: Caroline Finkel, Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (2005).
1517922 to 923 AH
Ottomans to 1924
The Ottomans take Egypt
Selim I defeats the Mamluks. The Ottoman sultans become the servants of the two holy mosques of Makkah and Madinah.
Source: Caroline Finkel, Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (2005).
1520 to 1566926 to 974 AH
Ottomans to 1924
Suleiman the Magnificent
The longest-reigning Ottoman sultan, known to Muslims as al-Qanuni, the Lawgiver.
Source: Caroline Finkel, Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (2005).
1557964 AH
Ottomans to 1924
The Suleymaniye Mosque
The architect Sinan completes the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul for Suleiman. Islamic architecture.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Suleymaniye Mosque.
16161025 AH
Ottomans to 1924
The Sultan Ahmed Mosque
The mosque known as the Blue Mosque, for its blue Iznik tiles, is finished in Istanbul.
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Blue Mosque.
16831094 AH
Ottomans to 1924
The siege of Vienna fails
The Ottoman army is driven back from Vienna, and the empire begins to lose ground in Europe.
Source: Caroline Finkel, Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (2005).
19221341 AH
Ottomans to 1924
The Ottoman sultanate is abolished
After the First World War, the Turkish Grand National Assembly abolishes the sultanate.
Source: Caroline Finkel, Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (2005).
19241342 AH
Ottomans to 1924
The caliphate is abolished
On 3 March, the Turkish assembly abolishes the Ottoman caliphate. No caliphate has been widely recognised since. How long has Islam been around?.
Source: Caroline Finkel, Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (2005).

CE years first, with the Hijri (AH) year under each. BH means years before the Hijrah. "c." means the year is approximate.

Guide

Fourteen centuries, in the order they happened

Islamic history begins with the first revelation to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in 610 CE and, on this timeline, runs to the end of the Ottoman caliphate in 1924. Muslims believe Islam is the faith of every prophet from Adam onwards, so this is the history of the Muslim community and its states, not of the religion's beginning. The timeline is grouped into seven eras: the life of the Prophet ﷺ, the four rightly guided caliphs, the Umayyads, the Abbasids, al-Andalus, the later dynasties, and the Ottomans. Tap an era to see only its events, or search for a person or a place.

The seven eras in brief

The Prophet ﷺ (610 to 632): 13 years of preaching in Makkah, the Hijrah to Madinah in 622, and ten years in Madinah until his death in 11 AH.
The rightly guided caliphs (632 to 661): Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, the Khulafa al-Rashidun, ruling from Madinah and then Kufa.
The Umayyads (661 to 750): a dynasty ruling from Damascus, from Spain in the west to Sindh in the east.
The Abbasids (750 to 1258): the caliphs of Baghdad and its age of scholarship, until the Mongols destroyed the city.
Al-Andalus (711 to 1492): Muslim Spain and Portugal, from Tariq ibn Ziyad to the fall of Granada.
Later dynasties: the Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks of Egypt, the sultans of Delhi, the kingdoms of West Africa and Southeast Asia, the Safavids and the Mughals.
The Ottomans (1299 to 1924): from a small state in Anatolia to an empire on three continents, and the last widely recognised caliphate.

How the Hijri years work

The Islamic calendar counts lunar years from the Hijrah of 622 CE, so 1 AH (anno Hegirae) began in July 622. A lunar year is about 11 days shorter than a solar one, which is why 1924 CE is 1342 AH and not 1302. Events before the Hijrah are marked BH, years before the Hijrah. Where we know only the CE year of an event, it may fall in either of two Hijri years, so we give both or mark it "c." (about). To convert any date yourself, use the Hijri date converter.

Why some dates differ between books

The early historians, such as Ibn Ishaq (through Ibn Hisham) and al-Tabari, recorded the dates they received, and their reports sometimes differ by a year or more. The birth of the Prophet ﷺ is given as 570 or 571, the Night Journey anywhere from one to five years before the Hijrah, and Jerusalem's surrender as 16 or 17 AH. Where historians differ, we give the most common date and say that it is debated. Every event names its source.

Using it for school

Teachers and students can print the page: the filters are hidden in print and every event is shown. For the life of the Prophet ﷺ in more detail, our seerah answers cover each stage, and the Islamic Golden Age explains the House of Wisdom. For a common question, see was Islam spread by the sword?

Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (from Ibn Ishaq), for the life of the Prophet ﷺ.
Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, for the events they report, as named on each event.
al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, for the caliphs and the early dynasties.
al-Dhahabi, Siyar A'lam al-Nubala, for the scholars' dates.
Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (3rd ed., Routledge, 2016) and Muslim Spain and Portugal (Longman, 1996).
Caroline Finkel, Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (John Murray, 2005).
Encyclopaedia Britannica, for the entries named on each event.

Questions

Good to know

When did Islamic history begin?

Muslims date the revelation of the Quran to 610 CE, when the Prophet ﷺ received the first verses in Cave Hira. The Islamic calendar starts later, with the Hijrah to Madinah in 622 CE, which is 1 AH.

What are the main periods of Islamic history?

The life of the Prophet ﷺ (610 to 632), the rightly guided caliphs (632 to 661), the Umayyads (661 to 750), the Abbasids (750 to 1258), al-Andalus (711 to 1492), the later dynasties, and the Ottomans (1299 to 1924).

Who were the four rightly guided caliphs?

Abu Bakr (632 to 634), Umar ibn al-Khattab (634 to 644), Uthman ibn Affan (644 to 656) and Ali ibn Abi Talib (656 to 661).

When did the last caliphate end?

The Ottoman caliphate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 3 March 1924, which is 1342 AH.

What does AH mean?

AH stands for anno Hegirae, "in the year of the Hijrah". The Islamic calendar counts lunar years from the Prophet's migration to Madinah in 622 CE.

Islamic history timeline from 610 to 1924

The Prophet ﷺ is born in Makkah

Marriage to Khadijah

The first revelation in Cave Hira

The open call to Islam

The first hijrah, to Abyssinia

The Year of Sorrow

The Night Journey and Ascension

The Hijrah to Madinah

The qiblah turns to the Kaaba

The Battle of Badr

The Battle of Uhud

The Battle of the Trench

The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

The Battle of Mu'tah

The conquest of Makkah

The Farewell Hajj

The death of the Prophet ﷺ

Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph

Fatimah dies

The Riddah wars and Yamamah

Umar becomes caliph

The Battle of Yarmuk

Umar receives Jerusalem

The Hijri calendar begins

Uthman becomes caliph

Uthman's copies of the Quran

Ali becomes caliph

Ali is killed in Kufa

Al-Hasan makes peace with Mu'awiyah

Karbala

The Dome of the Rock is finished

The first Islamic coins

The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus

Islam reaches Sindh

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

The Abbasid revolution

Baghdad is founded

Imam Abu Hanifah dies

Harun al-Rashid

Al-Ma'mun and the House of Wisdom

Imam al-Bukhari dies

Al-Tabari dies

Ibn Sina dies

The Seljuks enter Baghdad

The Nizamiyyah of Baghdad opens

Crusaders take Jerusalem

Al-Ghazali dies

The Mongols sack Baghdad

Tariq ibn Ziyad crosses to Spain

The emirate of Cordoba

The Great Mosque of Cordoba

The caliphate of Cordoba

The caliphate of Cordoba ends

The Battle of Sagrajas (al-Zallaqah)

The Nasrid kingdom of Granada

Granada surrenders

Al-Qarawiyyin in Fez

Cairo and al-Azhar

Salah al-Din retakes Jerusalem

The Delhi Sultanate

Ain Jalut

Samudra Pasai in Sumatra

Mansa Musa's Hajj

The Safavids in Iran

The Mughal empire

The Taj Mahal

The Ottoman state begins

The conquest of Constantinople

The Ottomans take Egypt

Suleiman the Magnificent

The Suleymaniye Mosque

The Sultan Ahmed Mosque

The siege of Vienna fails

The Ottoman sultanate is abolished

The caliphate is abolished

Fourteen centuries, in the order they happened

The seven eras in brief

How the Hijri years work

Why some dates differ between books