Short answer
Yes. The Quran calls Muhammad ﷺ "the Messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets" (33:40), meaning no prophet comes after him. He warned that around thirty liars would appear claiming to be prophets. Anyone who claims prophethood after him is a false prophet, and believing in such a claim takes a person out of Islam.
Belief in the finality of prophethood (khatm al-nubuwwah) is part of the essentials of faith by consensus. Claiming prophethood after the Prophet ﷺ, or accepting such a claim, is kufr.
The four schools agree on this.
Explanation
The ayah: "Muhammad is not the father of any one of your men, but he is the Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets" (33:40). The Arabic khatam al-nabiyyin means the seal: the one who closes and completes the line. Since every messenger is a prophet, no prophet of any kind comes after him.
The hadith: the Prophet ﷺ compared the prophets to a beautiful house with one brick missing, and said he was that brick and the seal of the prophets. He also said the Hour will not come until about thirty liars and impostors appear, each claiming to be the messenger of Allah. The Quran warns that no one is more unjust than a person who claims revelation when none came to him (6:93).
What about Isa (Jesus)? His return before the Day of Judgement does not contradict this. He was a prophet before Muhammad ﷺ and will return as a follower of his law, not with a new message. See the return of Jesus.
All four schools and all Sunni scholars agree on this belief. Many claimants have appeared over the centuries, and Muslims have rejected each of them on this basis. See the Prophet Muhammad and the articles of faith.
The evidence
Quran, Surah Al-Ahzaab 33:40
مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَآ أَحَدٍۢ مِّن رِّجَالِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن رَّسُولَ ٱللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ ٱلنَّبِيِّۦنَ ۗ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ عَلِيمًۭا ﴿٤٠﴾
Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing.
Names the Prophet as the final prophet.
Quran, Surah Al-An'aam 6:93
وَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ ٱفْتَرَىٰ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ كَذِبًا أَوْ قَالَ أُوحِىَ إِلَىَّ وَلَمْ يُوحَ إِلَيْهِ شَىْءٌۭ وَمَن قَالَ سَأُنزِلُ مِثْلَ مَآ أَنزَلَ ٱللَّهُ ۗ وَلَوْ تَرَىٰٓ إِذِ ٱلظَّٰلِمُونَ فِى غَمَرَٰتِ ٱلْمَوْتِ وَٱلْمَلَٰٓئِكَةُ بَاسِطُوٓا۟ أَيْدِيهِمْ أَخْرِجُوٓا۟ أَنفُسَكُمُ ۖ ٱلْيَوْمَ تُجْزَوْنَ عَذَابَ ٱلْهُونِ بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَقُولُونَ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ غَيْرَ ٱلْحَقِّ وَكُنتُمْ عَنْ ءَايَٰتِهِۦ تَسْتَكْبِرُونَ ﴿٩٣﴾
And who is more unjust than one who invents a lie about Allah or says, "It has been inspired to me," while nothing has been inspired to him, and one who says, "I will reveal [something] like what Allah revealed." And if you could but see when the wrongdoers are in the overwhelming pangs of death while the angels extend their hands, [saying], "Discharge your souls! Today you will be awarded the punishment of [extreme] humiliation for what you used to say against Allah other than the truth and [that] you were, toward His verses, being arrogant."
Condemns anyone who falsely claims revelation.
Sahih al-Bukhari 3535
Sahih... فأنا اللبنة وأنا خاتم النبيين ...
"I am that brick, and I am the seal of the prophets."
The Prophet completes the line of prophets.
Sahih al-Bukhari 3609
Sahih... حتى يبعث دجالون كذابون قريب من ثلاثين كلهم يزعم أنه رسول الله ...
"The Hour will not come until about thirty impostors and liars are sent out, each of them claiming to be the messenger of Allah."
Foretells false prophets after him.
Where the ruling is recorded
- al-Fiqh al-Akbar, Section on the prophets. The creed attributed to Imam Abu Hanifa on belief in the prophets.
Checked by our team. For a more accurate answer to your own situation, consult a scholar. Quran translation by Sahih International. Hadith Arabic from the standard editions of the six books and the Muwatta, with gradings as recorded there; the English is our own rendering. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.