Short answer
Generally no. In the Hanafi school sunnah prayers are not made up once their time has passed, with two exceptions: the Fajr sunnah, prayed after sunrise and before midday, and the four sunnah before Dhuhr or Jumuah, which you pray after the fard if you missed them. Witr is wajib, so a missed witr is always made up.
Sunnah prayers have no qada after their time ends. If Fajr's fard and sunnah are both missed, both are made up before zawal that day; the Fajr sunnah alone may be prayed after sunrise until zawal. The four rakats before Dhuhr or Jumuah, if missed, are prayed after the fard within its time, preferably after the two sunnah that follow it.
Other madhhabs
- Shafi'i
- In the relied-upon view it is recommended to make up the regular sunnahs at any time.
- Maliki
- Sunnahs are not made up, except the Fajr sunnah until midday.
- Hanbali
- It is sunnah to make up the regular sunnahs.
Explanation
Only the fard prayers and witr are debts that must be paid. A sunnah prayer belongs to its time, and once that time ends there is nothing to make up in the Hanafi school. You lose the reward, but you are not left owing anything.
The exceptions:
- Fajr sunnah: if you missed the whole of Fajr, make up the sunnah and fard together before midday. If you prayed the fard but missed the sunnah, you may pray the sunnah after the sun has fully risen and before midday; see the Fajr sunnah after the fard.
- Four before Dhuhr or Jumuah: if the congregation started before you could pray them, pray them after the fard, within the time. Aisha reported that the Prophet ﷺ did this.
- Sunnah after the fard (Dhuhr, Maghrib, Isha): pray them any time before that prayer's time ends.
Witr is different: in the Hanafi school it is wajib, so a missed witr is always made up as three rakats with qunut. See is witr mandatory.
Leaving the confirmed sunnahs as a habit is blameworthy, even though they are not made up; see is sunnah mu'akkadah compulsory.
The evidence
Jami' at-Tirmidhi 423
Graded sahih... من لم يصل ركعتي الفجر فليصلهما بعد ما تطلع الشمس ...
"Whoever has not prayed the two rakats of Fajr, let him pray them after the sun rises."
The Fajr sunnah may be prayed after sunrise.
Jami' at-Tirmidhi 426
Grading to be checked... كان إذا لم يصل أربعا قبل الظهر صلاهن بعده ...
"When he had not prayed four before Dhuhr, he prayed them after it."
The four sunnah of Dhuhr are prayed after the fard if missed.
Where the ruling is recorded
- al-Hidaya, Kitab al-Salah, chapter on catching the congregation. Sunnahs are not made up except the Fajr sunnah with its fard before zawal; the Dhuhr sunnah is prayed after the fard.
- Radd al-Muhtar (Ibn Abidin), Kitab al-Salah, chapter on catching the congregation. Discusses praying the four of Dhuhr after the two sunnah that follow the fard.
- al-Majmu' (Nawawi), Chapter on voluntary prayer. The Shafi'i view that the regular sunnahs may be made up.
This answer is pending review by the scholars on our team. Quran translation by Sahih International. Hadith Arabic from the standard editions of the six books and the Muwatta, with gradings as recorded there; the English is our own rendering. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.