Short answer
No. In the Hanafi school and the other Sunni schools, the body of a non-Muslim is pure. The ayah that calls the polytheists najas refers to the impurity of their belief, not their skin. You can shake hands, eat together and use the same dishes.
Every living human body is pure, whatever the person's religion, and so are their sweat, saliva and leftover water. The impurity in Quran 9:28 is of belief. The utensils and clothes of non-Muslims are pure unless you know impurity, like pork or wine, is on them.
The four schools agree on this.
Explanation
Quran 9:28 says that the polytheists are unclean (najas), so they should not approach al-Masjid al-Haram. Hanafi scholars, with the majority, explain that this is about shirk, the impurity of worshipping others besides Allah, and about entry to the sacred mosque, not about their bodies being filthy.
The sunnah shows this clearly:
- On a journey, the Prophet ﷺ had water poured from the water skins of a polytheist woman, and the Companions drank it, and a man in janabah bathed with it.
- Thumamah ibn Uthal, before he became Muslim, was tied to a pillar inside the masjid in Madinah.
- Allah made the food of the People of the Book lawful, and allowed marriage to their chaste women (Quran 5:5), which would not fit if their bodies were impure.
Practical rules:
- Shaking hands, hugging family, sharing a car, office or home: no effect on purity or wudu.
- Eating from their dishes: allowed. Wash them first if they may have held pork or alcohol.
- Wearing clothes they have worn: pure unless you see impurity.
- Food they cook: pure; whether the meat is halal is a separate question (see the halal checker).
Some Shia jurists hold that non-Muslims are impure; the four Sunni schools agree that they are not. New Muslims living with non-Muslim family have nothing to worry about here: see the new Muslim guide.
The evidence
Quran, Surah At-Tawba 9:28
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ إِنَّمَا ٱلْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌۭ فَلَا يَقْرَبُوا۟ ٱلْمَسْجِدَ ٱلْحَرَامَ بَعْدَ عَامِهِمْ هَٰذَا ۚ وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَيْلَةًۭ فَسَوْفَ يُغْنِيكُمُ ٱللَّهُ مِن فَضْلِهِۦٓ إِن شَآءَ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌۭ ﴿٢٨﴾
O you who have believed, indeed the polytheists are unclean, so let them not approach al-Masjid al-Haram after this, their [final] year. And if you fear privation, Allah will enrich you from His bounty if He wills. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Wise.
The ayah in question, which the majority read as impurity of belief.
Quran, Surah Al-Maaida 5:5
ٱلْيَوْمَ أُحِلَّ لَكُمُ ٱلطَّيِّبَٰتُ ۖ وَطَعَامُ ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ حِلٌّۭ لَّكُمْ وَطَعَامُكُمْ حِلٌّۭ لَّهُمْ ۖ وَٱلْمُحْصَنَٰتُ مِنَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنَٰتِ وَٱلْمُحْصَنَٰتُ مِنَ ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ مِن قَبْلِكُمْ إِذَآ ءَاتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ مُحْصِنِينَ غَيْرَ مُسَٰفِحِينَ وَلَا مُتَّخِذِىٓ أَخْدَانٍۢ ۗ وَمَن يَكْفُرْ بِٱلْإِيمَٰنِ فَقَدْ حَبِطَ عَمَلُهُۥ وَهُوَ فِى ٱلْءَاخِرَةِ مِنَ ٱلْخَٰسِرِينَ ﴿٥﴾
This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them. And [lawful in marriage are] chaste women from among the believers and chaste women from among those who were given the Scripture before you, when you have given them their due compensation, desiring chastity, not unlawful sexual intercourse or taking [secret] lovers. And whoever denies the faith - his work has become worthless, and he, in the Hereafter, will be among the losers.
Their food and marriage are lawful, which assumes their bodies are pure.
Sahih al-Bukhari 344
Sahih... ففرغ فيه من أفواه المزادتين أو السطيحتين ...
"He poured water into a vessel from the mouths of the two water skins."
The water skins belonged to a polytheist woman, and the water was used for drinking and bathing.
Sahih al-Bukhari 462
Sahih... فربطوه بسارية من سواري المسجد ...
"They tied him to one of the pillars of the masjid."
A non-Muslim was kept inside the masjid, so his body was not impure.
Where the ruling is recorded
- Radd al-Muhtar (Ibn Abidin), Kitab al-Taharah, section on leftover water (su'r). The leftover water of a human, Muslim or not, is pure.
- al-Hidaya, Kitab al-Karahiyah, section on entering the masjid. Non-Muslims may enter the masjid, since the impurity in 9:28 is of belief.
Checked by our team. For a more accurate answer to your own situation, consult a scholar. Quran translation by Sahih International. Hadith Arabic from the standard editions of the six books and the Muwatta, with gradings as recorded there; the English is our own rendering. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.