Short answer
No. Listening to music or singing does not break wudu in any of the four schools, because wudu is broken by things like urine, wind, sleep and, for Hanafis, flowing blood, not by what you hear or say. Hanafi scholars do recommend renewing wudu after any sin, including listening to music they hold forbidden.
Music is not among the things that break wudu, so the wudu stays valid. Renewing wudu after a sin, such as listening to forbidden music, backbiting or lying, is mustahabb.
The four schools agree on this.
Explanation
Wudu (ablution) is broken by a short, fixed list: anything leaving the private parts, flowing blood or pus, a mouthful of vomit, deep sleep, fainting and loud laughter in prayer. Sounds you hear, words you say and things you see are not on that list. So a song playing in a shop, in a car or through your earphones does not break your wudu, and you can pray with it.
This is separate from whether the music itself is allowed. Most Hanafi scholars hold that music with instruments is not permissible, while a nasheed with only voices and good words is allowed; see why music is considered haram and hearing music in public. A wrong act does not cancel your wudu, but it does call for istighfar.
Hanafi books list renewing wudu as recommended after backbiting, lying, foul speech and every sin. The idea comes from the hadith that sins leave the body with the water of wudu. So if you listened to something you regret, a fresh wudu is a good way to turn back to Allah, but your old wudu was not broken.
The four schools agree that music does not break wudu. Singing, humming or listening to Quran recitation also do not break it. Related: does swearing break wudu and what breaks wudu.
The evidence
Sahih Muslim 244
Sahih... فغسل وجهه خرج من وجهه كل خطيئة نظر إليها بعينيه ...
"When he washes his face, every sin he looked at with his eyes leaves his face."
Why scholars recommend a fresh wudu after a sin.
Where the ruling is recorded
- Nur al-Idah with Maraqi al-Falah, Kitab al-Taharah, section on what breaks wudu. The list of things that break wudu.
- Nur al-Idah with Maraqi al-Falah, Kitab al-Taharah, section on when wudu is recommended. Wudu is recommended after backbiting, lying and every sin.
Checked by our team. For a more accurate answer to your own situation, consult a scholar. Quran translation by Sahih International. Hadith Arabic from the standard editions of the six books and the Muwatta, with gradings as recorded there; the English is our own rendering. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.