Short answer
Islam counts Jews among the People of the Book, honours Moses and the prophets of the Children of Israel, and says Allah favoured them with scripture and prophets. The Quran praises the righteous among them and criticises the wrong acts of some, as it does with Muslims. Hating anyone for their people or ethnicity is forbidden, and justice is owed to all.
Jews are Ahl al-Kitab in the Hanafi school, with the same rulings as Christians on food and marriage. Kindness, trade, visiting the sick and good neighbourliness are permitted, and wronging a peaceful non-Muslim is haram.
The four schools agree on this.
Explanation
The bond is deep. Moses (Musa) is named in the Quran more than any other prophet, and the Quran says Allah sent down the Torah with guidance and light. It reminds the Children of Israel that Allah favoured them, and says that among the people of Moses is a community that guides by the truth and establishes justice. Muslims believe in Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, David, Solomon and the other prophets of Israel as their own.
The Prophet ﷺ lived alongside Jewish tribes in Madinah. When a funeral passed he stood up, and when told it was a Jew's funeral he said: is it not a soul? He visited a Jewish boy who used to serve him when the boy fell ill. He fasted the day of Ashura, when Moses was saved, saying that Muslims have a closer claim to Moses. At his death his armour was pledged to a Jewish man for barley.
The Quran does criticise some of the Children of Israel for breaking covenants and for wrongs in their history, just as it criticises hypocrites among the Muslims. Its concern is belief and conduct, not race, and it says the People of the Scripture are not all the same. Conflicts with particular tribes in Madinah were about broken treaties, not about Jewishness.
Muslims and Jews share a great deal: strict belief in one God, circumcision, dietary laws, prayer and fasting. The main difference is that Muslims believe in Jesus as the Messiah and in Muhammad ﷺ as the final messenger. Whatever disputes arise in any age, the Quran commands justice even toward people you dislike. See the People of the Book and Prophet Musa.
The evidence
Quran, Surah Al-Maaida 5:44
إِنَّآ أَنزَلْنَا ٱلتَّوْرَىٰةَ فِيهَا هُدًۭى وَنُورٌۭ ۚ يَحْكُمُ بِهَا ٱلنَّبِيُّونَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَسْلَمُوا۟ لِلَّذِينَ هَادُوا۟ وَٱلرَّبَّٰنِيُّونَ وَٱلْأَحْبَارُ بِمَا ٱسْتُحْفِظُوا۟ مِن كِتَٰبِ ٱللَّهِ وَكَانُوا۟ عَلَيْهِ شُهَدَآءَ ۚ فَلَا تَخْشَوُا۟ ٱلنَّاسَ وَٱخْشَوْنِ وَلَا تَشْتَرُوا۟ بِـَٔايَٰتِى ثَمَنًۭا قَلِيلًۭا ۚ وَمَن لَّمْ يَحْكُم بِمَآ أَنزَلَ ٱللَّهُ فَأُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلْكَٰفِرُونَ ﴿٤٤﴾
Indeed, We sent down the Torah, in which was guidance and light. The prophets who submitted [to Allah] judged by it for the Jews, as did the rabbis and scholars by that with which they were entrusted of the Scripture of Allah, and they were witnesses thereto. So do not fear the people but fear Me, and do not exchange My verses for a small price. And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the disbelievers.
The Torah was a true revelation from Allah.
Quran, Surah Al-A'raaf 7:159
وَمِن قَوْمِ مُوسَىٰٓ أُمَّةٌۭ يَهْدُونَ بِٱلْحَقِّ وَبِهِۦ يَعْدِلُونَ ﴿١٥٩﴾
And among the people of Moses is a community which guides by truth and by it establishes justice.
The Quran praises the righteous among the Jews.
Quran, Surah Al-Maaida 5:8
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ كُونُوا۟ قَوَّٰمِينَ لِلَّهِ شُهَدَآءَ بِٱلْقِسْطِ ۖ وَلَا يَجْرِمَنَّكُمْ شَنَـَٔانُ قَوْمٍ عَلَىٰٓ أَلَّا تَعْدِلُوا۟ ۚ ٱعْدِلُوا۟ هُوَ أَقْرَبُ لِلتَّقْوَىٰ ۖ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ خَبِيرٌۢ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ ﴿٨﴾
O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm for Allah, witnesses in justice, and do not let the hatred of a people prevent you from being just. Be just; that is nearer to righteousness. And fear Allah; indeed, Allah is Acquainted with what you do.
Muslims must be just to every people.
Sahih al-Bukhari 1312
Sahih... فقيل له إنها جنازة يهودي فقال أليست نفسا ...
"Is it not a soul?"
The Prophet ﷺ stood in respect for the funeral of a Jewish man.
Sahih al-Bukhari 1356
Sahih... الحمد لله الذي أنقذه من النار ...
"Praise be to Allah who saved him from the Fire."
He said this after visiting a sick Jewish boy who accepted Islam, showing his care for him.
Sahih al-Bukhari 2004
Sahih... فأنا أحق بموسى منكم ...
"I have a closer claim to Moses than you."
Muslims see Moses as their own prophet.
Where the ruling is recorded
- al-Hidaya, Kitab al-Karahiya, the miscellaneous section. Permits visiting a sick Jew or Christian.
Checked by our team. For a more accurate answer to your own situation, consult a scholar. Quran translation by Sahih International. Hadith Arabic from the standard editions of the six books and the Muwatta, with gradings as recorded there; the English is our own rendering. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.