Short answer
No. Ghusl on the day of Eid is sunnah, not fard, and there is no special ghusl for the start of Ramadan. If you are in janabah at night in Ramadan, you can eat suhur and start the fast, and do ghusl afterwards, as long as you pray Fajr in time. The four schools agree.
Ghusl is sunnah for Jumuah, the two Eids, ihram, and for pilgrims at Arafah. It is recommended in other cases such as becoming Muslim and entering Makkah. Ghusl is only fard for janabah, the end of haid and the end of nifas, whatever the day.
The four schools agree on this.
Explanation
Ghusl is fard for a few causes only: janabah (after intercourse or ejaculation), and for women the end of a period or of postnatal bleeding. A day of the year, however blessed, does not make it fard. See when ghusl is required.
Eid: Ghusl on the morning of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha is a sunnah in the Hanafi school, together with wearing your best clothes and perfume. It follows the same idea as the Friday ghusl, which the Prophet ﷺ commanded for those coming to Jumuah, and the Companions such as Ibn Umar did it before going out to the Eid prayer. You may do it any time after Fajr on Eid, and many scholars allow it from the night before. See Friday ghusl.
Ramadan: there is no ghusl for the start of Ramadan, for seeing the moon, or for each night. If you were in janabah at night:
- You can eat suhur and make your intention while junub. Your fast is valid.
- Aisha reported that Fajr would sometimes come while the Prophet ﷺ was junub; he would do ghusl and fast.
- Do ghusl in time to pray Fajr. Delaying it so that the prayer is missed is a sin, even though the fast stays valid.
- Women whose period ends at night follow the same rule: see fasting without ghusl after a period.
Other recommended ghusls in Hanafi books include before ihram for hajj or umrah, on becoming Muslim, and on entering Makkah. Doing ghusl on blessed days is good, as long as you do not believe it is required. For the method, see how to do ghusl.
The evidence
Quran, Surah Al-Baqara 2:185
شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أُنزِلَ فِيهِ ٱلْقُرْءَانُ هُدًۭى لِّلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَٰتٍۢ مِّنَ ٱلْهُدَىٰ وَٱلْفُرْقَانِ ۚ فَمَن شَهِدَ مِنكُمُ ٱلشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ ۖ وَمَن كَانَ مَرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍۢ فَعِدَّةٌۭ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ ۗ يُرِيدُ ٱللَّهُ بِكُمُ ٱلْيُسْرَ وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ ٱلْعُسْرَ وَلِتُكْمِلُوا۟ ٱلْعِدَّةَ وَلِتُكَبِّرُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ عَلَىٰ مَا هَدَىٰكُمْ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ ﴿١٨٥﴾
The month of Ramadhan [is that] in which was revealed the Qur'an, a guidance for the people and clear proofs of guidance and criterion. So whoever sights [the new moon of] the month, let him fast it; and whoever is ill or on a journey - then an equal number of other days. Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship and [wants] for you to complete the period and to glorify Allah for that [to] which He has guided you; and perhaps you will be grateful.
The fasting ayah stresses ease; nothing in it requires a special ghusl for Ramadan.
Sahih al-Bukhari 877
Sahih... اذا جاء احدكم الجمعة فليغتسل ...
"When one of you comes to Jumuah, let him do ghusl."
The basis for the sunnah ghusl of gathering days, which scholars extend to the two Eids.
Sahih al-Bukhari 1926
Sahih... يدركه الفجر وهو جنب من اهله ثم يغتسل ويصوم ...
"Fajr would come upon him while he was junub from his wives; then he would do ghusl and fast."
Shows that a person can start a fast in janabah and do ghusl after Fajr begins.
Where the ruling is recorded
- Nur al-Idah with Maraqi al-Falah, Kitab al-Taharah, sunnah and recommended ghusls. Ghusl for Jumuah, the two Eids, ihram and Arafah is sunnah.
- al-Hidaya, Kitab al-Taharat, chapter on ghusl. The causes that make ghusl fard and the sunnah ghusls.
Checked by our team. For a more accurate answer to your own situation, consult a scholar. Quran translation by Sahih International. Hadith Arabic from the standard editions of the six books and the Muwatta, with gradings as recorded there; the English is our own rendering. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.