Short answer
Yes. Zakat al-fitr is due on every Muslim who has the means at dawn on Eid, whether or not they fasted, and whether they missed fasts for a valid reason like illness or travel or without one. Young children who never fasted are paid for too. The four schools agree that it does not depend on fasting.
Sadaqat al-fitr is wajib on a Muslim who owns the nisab beyond basic needs at dawn on Eid, for himself and his minor children. Having fasted is not a condition.
The four schools agree on this.
Explanation
Ibn Abbas reported that the Prophet ﷺ made zakat al-fitr a purification for the fasting person from idle and indecent talk, and food for the poor. That is a wisdom behind it, not a condition for it. The proof is that it is paid for babies and young children, who did not fast at all.
So you still pay it if:
- You were ill, travelling, pregnant or breastfeeding and missed fasts.
- You are elderly or chronically ill and pay fidya instead of fasting; fidya and fitrana are two separate payments.
- You were on your period for part of the month.
- You missed fasts without an excuse.
In that last case, zakat al-fitr does not make up the missed fasts. Each one must be made up, with repentance, and a deliberately broken fast may also need kaffarah. See the qada calculator and what is fidya.
In the Hanafi school, who must pay depends on means: owning wealth worth the nisab beyond basic needs at dawn on Eid. It does not need a full year, and the wealth does not need to be zakatable. See who pays zakat al-fitr.
The evidence
Sunan Abi Dawud 1609
Graded hasan... زكاة الفطر طهرة للصائم من اللغو والرفث وطعمة للمساكين ...
"Zakat al-fitr is a purification for the fasting person from idle and obscene talk, and food for the poor."
Its purpose is purification and feeding the poor; it is not conditional on having fasted.
Sahih al-Bukhari 1503
Sahih... والذكر والأنثى والصغير والكبير من المسلمين ...
"Male and female, young and old among the Muslims."
It is due for young children who do not fast.
Where the ruling is recorded
- al-Hidaya, Kitab al-Zakat, chapter on sadaqat al-fitr. It is due on a free Muslim who owns the nisab beyond his needs, for himself and his minor children.
- Radd al-Muhtar, Kitab al-Zakat, chapter on sadaqat al-fitr. It is due even on one who did not fast because of illness, travel or without excuse.
Checked by our team. For a more accurate answer to your own situation, consult a scholar. Quran translation by Sahih International. Hadith Arabic from the standard editions of the six books and the Muwatta, with gradings as recorded there; the English is our own rendering. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.